A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar

The temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH₄ at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH₄ emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.     

重油催化再生器典型缺陷安全评定

应用断裂力学理论和实验技术,测定了重油催化再生器材料及焊缝的力学性能和断裂韧度值,按照《压力容器缺陷评定规范》(CVDA-84)对再生器下部筒体典型缺陷进行了评定。经分析计算获得了重油催化再生器下部筒体各部位各种裂纹类型缺陷的允许尺寸,可将其作为重油催化再生器无损检测时的缺陷评定指标。     

国内雏鸭病毒性肝炎的研究进展

本文就国内雏鸭病毒性肝炎的病原特性、疾病诊断和防制等做一简要综述并提出了该病今后的研究方向。     

东祁连山不同高寒草地类型土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度特征

在青藏高原东祁连山以杜鹃灌丛、高山柳灌丛、金露梅灌丛、珠芽蓼草甸、禾草草地、沼泽草地和嵩草草地为研究对象,对土壤理化性质和土壤碳、氮、磷密度进行了研究.结果表明:2005年土壤表层碳、氮、磷密度分别介于4.66kg/m2～6.63 kg/m2、 0.31kg/m2～0.59 kg/m2和0.07kg/m2～0.16kg/m2,2006年分别介于5.27kg/m2～6.84kg/m2、0.40kg/m2～0.51 kg/m2和0.10kg/m2～0.20kg/m2;土壤碳、氮和磷密度受植物群落和根系分布特征影响,样地间及土层间差异明显.     

早期热习服对肉鸡耐热力发育的影响研究进展

从早期热习服的概念、耐热力的评价指标以及早期热习服的时机出发,总结与分析了早期热习服对肉鸡后期耐热力形成的影响规律,试图探索出早期热习服提高肉鸡后期耐热力的机理。     

犬细小病毒病研究进展

犬细小病毒病是由犬细小病毒感染幼犬所引起的一种急性传染病。临床上有两种表现型,出血性肠炎型以剧烈的呕吐、出血性肠炎和白细胞显著减少为主要特征;心肌炎型则以突然死亡为特征。无论那种类型的临床表现,均以发病率高、死亡率高和传染性强为特点,是危害养犬业最为严重的传染病之一,可造成严重的经济损失。论文从病毒生物学特性、基因组结构、病原的检测方法,流行病学、发病机理及病理变化、临床症状以及疫苗研制等角度对犬细小病毒病近年来的研究进展做以概述。     

扁穗牛鞭草对土壤理化性质的影响研究

通过测定在2年内不施肥条件下扁穗牛鞭草栽种地土壤理化性质指标,研究与探讨了栽植扁穗牛鞭草对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,1)表层土壤理化性质随栽植时间增加产生不同程度的变化,其中物理性质方面:容重增加,最大变化幅度为17.44%,总孔隙度降低,变化幅度18.38%,毛管和非毛管孔隙度及土壤持水量变化不显著;化学性质方面:有机碳和全量养分差异不显著,速效养分变化达显著水平。2)底层土的理化性质随栽植时间增加差异不显著。经综合分析,随栽植时间的增加,土壤整体透气性能和供肥能力下降,土壤肥力降低。     

宁南旱区草粮轮作系统中紫花苜蓿适宜利用年限研究

2002-2004年对宁南旱区不同生长年限紫花苜蓿土壤理化性状和紫花苜蓿-谷子轮作进行了研究。结果表明,随着紫花苜蓿生长年限延长,土壤生态环境得到改善。紫花苜蓿3~22年生期间,0~100 cm土壤容重减少了0.213 g/cm3,孔隙度增加8.03%,饱和持水率增加14.17%,持水能力增强。6~22年生期间,0~60 cm土层有机质和碱解氮平均含量分别增加1.60 g/kg和11.02 mg/kg,pH值降低了0.09,为轮作作物生长创造了良好的土壤环境。紫花苜蓿轮作年份越早,土壤水分恢复效果越好,轮作作物水分利用效率越高;反之,紫花苜蓿生长时间过长,轮作后不利于土壤水分的恢复。6,10和22年生紫花苜蓿地轮作谷子收获后,0~200 cm土壤水分恢复量分别为63.06,55.22和-42.55 mm,轮作谷子产量分别为1 725.95,1 485.80和1 560.75 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别为12.011 6,8.432 5和5.816 1 kg/mm.hm2。为使旱区农地有限的土壤水分达到合理、高效及可持续利用,取得较大的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益,紫花苜蓿实行草粮轮作的最适宜年限在5~6年生。     

Effects of B-trichothecenes on luminal glucose transport across the isolated jejunal epithelium of broiler chickens

Trichothecenes are closely-related sesquiterpenoids (ring structure) with a 12, 13 epoxy ring and a variable number of hydroxyl, acetyl or other substituents. In chickens, D-glucose and amino acid absorption occurs via carrier-mediated transport. Recently, it has been observed that deoxynivalenol (DON) alters the gut function and impairs glucose and amino acid transport in chickens. The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of different B-trichothecenes [DON, Nivalenol (NIV), 15-Ac-DON and Fusarenon X (FUS X)] on intestinal carrier-mediated sodium co-transport of D-glucose in the small intestine of broiler chickens. Intestinal transport was determined by changes in the short-circuit current (Isc), proportional to ion transmembrane flux, in the middle segment of the jejunum of broilers with the Ussing chamber technique. D-glucose produced an increase of the Isc, and this effect was reverted by different B-trichothecene mycotoxins, indicating that the glucose induced Isc was altered by B-trichothecenes. The addition of glucose after pre-incubation of the tissues with B-trichothecenes had no effect (p > 0.05) on the Isc, suggesting that B-trichothecenes afflicted the Na(+)-D-glucose co-transport. However, FUX had no obvious effect on the measured parameters. It could be concluded from the present study that the glucose co-transporter activity appears to be more sensitive to DON, NIV and 15-Ac-DON suppression than by FUS X in the jejunum of broilers.